It is the power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in the transformer’s core. Core loss occurs whenever the Transformer is energized;Core Loss does’nt vary with Load.
Core Loss is caused by Two factors ;
i) Hysteris Loss – It is the energy lost by reversing magnetic field in the core, as the magnetizing AC rises and falls and reverses the direction.
ii) Eddy Current Loss – The energy lost due to Induced Eddy Current circulating in the Core .
Load Losses (Copper Loss) :
It is associated with the Energy Lost due to the current flows in the Windings. Copper loss is caused by the Ohmic resistance (I²R)
Total Loss of a Transformer = No Load Loss+< (% Load/100)² * Load Loss >
As per “Lens Law “, an Induces Electro motive Force(EMF) always has such a direction so as to oppose the action that produces it”. Re stated – “When a current in an inductive Circuit is increasing , the Induced EMF , opposes the applied voltage and tends to limit the current from Increasing (and vice versa)
Thus in every transformer , when a voltage is applied across the Primary , there is an EMF which tends to reduce he applied Voltage and the current flowing thru’ it. But the EMF decreases exponentially , and the current Starts Increasing in an Inverse exponential fashion .
The whle phenomina , creates the current to lag the applied voltage and thus causes phase shifts.
Thus Phase shift causes decrease in the active power thru put of the Transformer.
This phase shift increases with the Leakage Inductance & the Loading .
Reduction of Energy Loss due to Leakage/Stray Inductance
Leakage Inductance : Leakage Inductance is an Inductive Component present in a Transformer that results from Imperfect magnetic linking of any one winding with the other.
Any magnetic flux , that does not link Primary with the Secondary results in the formation of additional Impedance in Series with the Primary Winding. This is called the Leakage Inductance .
Reason for leakage Inductance can be …
Poor Design
Loading Pattern
Loss of Insulation of the laminations due to Sulphur in Oil /Stress due to
Harmonics/Switching in the network & Lightning
Short Circuit between windings etc…
In order to avoid excess heating on alternators , and to reduce the (I²R) Losses , Power factor compensation on DG Mode should be carefully corrected.
Power factor Compensation on DG Mode will help to reduce the stress on cable/equipments/Reduction of Diesel Consumption/Reverse power feeding to DG etc…
Waste heat in the ( DG exhaust ) stack gases amounts to approx 300-550°C. This waste heat can be utilized effectively for any of the heating application the Industry.
Waste heat recovery should be calculated only the heat available above 180°C , in order to avoid Acid Due Point Corrosion.(Due to the presence of Sulphur in the flue gas.
In any Industry compressor air leaks thru' pipe lines/Pressure regulators/tube joints /valves/Cylinders etc.. Normal typical losses are amounting to 25%, which should be reduced to less than 5%. as the cost of Compressed air is very heavy .
Identification of Compressed air leakage, by Ultrasonic Leak Detector is very efficient ,as ULD can detect the sound of air (created by air turbulence ) at leakage points , which cannot be heard by normal human ears.
Free Air Delivery (FAD) is the quantity of air delivered at the Compressor discharge ,at a given pressure( at Standard ambient Temperature conditions )
Deviation in FAD , is caused by Excess Pressure Drop in the Inlet/ High Inlet air Temperature, Excess temperature in the Inter cooler/ leakages in the Cylinders etc…
FAD Improvement will result in better compressor efficiency , lesser energy consumption etc..
Isothermal Power is the Least power required to Compress a gas , under Isothermal Conditions( Without any Temperature rise in the Compressor due to compression). It is the best measure to compare the Efficiency of a compressor.
Hence Isothermal Efficiency is the ratio between Isothermal power required to Actual power spent on the Compressor.
Reactive Power is the product of Voltage and Current that doesn’t lie in phase with the Voltage. It is the Un wanted power which does not do any active work , except creating heat (and thus Energy Loss) in the cables/& equipments etc… It is the power which alternatively flows between the reactive components (L& C)of the system .
Reactive power of an Inductive system is compensated by proper addition of Capacitors in the network and vice versa.
Head is the pressure that is required to make the liquid flow in the pumping system . Head is further classified as “Static & Dynamic head”
Static Head : Difference in Height of the Supply and destination reservoirs.
Dynamic Head : It is the head developed by the friction in the pipe , valve & equipments in the system.
Every pump has a performance curve which shows a particular flow rate for a specific head. Similarly every pumping system has a flow requirement for the head available in the system.
Pumps operating at the Best Efficiency Point , the point where the Performance Curve & the System curve intersects each other, will provide the maximum Flow of liquid, with the least power requirement.
Fan efficiency is the ratio between power transferred to the airflow to the power consumed at the fan shaft .It is the measure to analyse the useful work done by the fan..
Manufacturers refere the Fan efficiency by two terminologies .. i.e Static & Mechanical
Static Fan Efficiency (%) =
<( Volume of air (m³/Sec) * ∆p(Static) in mmWc)/102* Power at Fan shaft > *100
Mechanical Fan Efficiency (%) =
<( Volume of air (m³/Sec) * ∆p(Total) in mmWc)/102* Power at Fan shaft > *100
ILER is a measure by which he actual Lux levels(with actual power consumption) are compared with the Target lux levels for a area of one square metre .